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Abstract Details

From Army-Navy to the NFL: The Evolution of the Football Helmet
Sports Neurology
IN5 - (-)
007
Football head injuries have accounted for a disproportionate amount of traumatic brain injuries (TBI) in contact sports. The pathophysiology of TBI and head impact kinematics have informed the development and design of optimal protective head equipment for athletes engaged in football.
Review literature examining incidence and mechanism of football related TBI, technologies examining head kinematics and their influence on helmet design, testing, modifications and current research trends.
The helmet was historically used in warfare when enemies discovered that blows to the cranium rendered opposing combatants incapacitated. From 1869-1905, 159 serious injuries and 18 deaths were attributed to American football on-field injuries. The first documented use of the helmet in American football occurred in the 1893 Army-Navy Game when helmets were composed of leather. Helmets became mandatory in 1939-1940 in collegiate and professional football, although their design and protective qualities were modest at best. With the advent of prospective head and spine injury data, development of human tolerance and head impact severity scales, establishment of the National Operations Committee on Standards for Athletic Equipment (NOCSAE), and regulation of helmet impact testing, protective features of football helmets became standardized. Along with rules prohibiting intentional head-on tackling, a resultant decreased incidence of head and spine injuries was observed. Today, helmet design continues to evolve to meet the needs of players using technologies to measure replicated and real-time head kinematics in response to head impact.
The evolution of the football helmet from its leather debut to its modern double crown shell-liner design reflect the advancement of biomechanical impact technologies and continuing investigations of the pathophysiology of concussions with the goal of decreasing the incidence and severity of TBI in American football.
Authors/Disclosures
Michael A. Johnson, MD, FAAN
PRESENTER 		Dr. Johnson has received personal compensation in the range of $100,000-$499,999 for serving as a Consultant for CEFALY technologies.
Mill Etienne, MD, MPH, FAAN Dr. Etienne has nothing to disclose.
Dileep R. Yavagal, MD, FAAN (University of Miami Miller School of Medicine) Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Vascular Dynamics. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Guidepoint. The institution of Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for GLG. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Medtronic. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Cerenovus/Johnson & Johnson. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Stryker. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for Poseydon. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Athersys. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Gravity Medical Technology. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Poseydon. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Poseydon. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Galaxy Therapeutics. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Stentrode. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Gravity Medical. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Gravity Medical Technology. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Athersys. Dr. Yavagal has stock in Rapid Medical . Dr. Yavagal has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Medicolegal Expert with Royal Carribean Cruise Line. Dr. Yavagal has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Medicolegal Consultant with Carnival Cruise Line.