The animal studies, although still incipient, are fundamental instruments that have contributed to the understanding of the neural basis underlying the evolution and function of this complex system. The study of the neural networks in vmPFC and PCC, precuneus and parietal cortex, they can provide basic information for the investigation of neurological and psychiatric disorders associated with their cognitive processes. Re-evaluation of these disorders from an evolutionary perspective would generate insights into our comprehension, and open new line of research unveiling the biological mechanisms and thereby prevention and treatments.