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Abstract Details

Serum Neurofilament Light Chain Levels (sNfL) Correlate Best with Attack-related Disability in Neuromyelitis Optica
Autoimmune Neurology
S16 - Autoimmune Neurological Disorders: Diagnosis, Biomarkers, and Epidemiology (2:00 PM-2:12 PM)
006
Investigate relationships of neurofilament light chain (NfL), ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), Tau protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), to disease activity and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) disability in N-MOmentum trial participants with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD).
Pathogenic autoantibodies in NMOSD cause CNS injury, with subsequent release of astroglial and neuronal proteins (GFAP, NfL, UCH-L1, Tau) into the circulation. N-MOmentum is a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked trial of inebilizumab (B-cell-depleting monoclonal antibody). 
Serum biomarkers NfL, UCH-L1, Tau and GFAP were measured (SIMOA) in 1260 serial and attack-related samples from N-MOmentum participants (n=215) and healthy controls (HC; n=25). 
At baseline, biomarkers were elevated in subsets of patients with NMOSD (NfL, 16%; UCH-L1, 6%; Tau, 12%; GFAP, 29%); NfL and UCH-L1 levels correlated significantly with GFAP (r=0.53 [p<0.001] and 0.18 [p=0.007]). Elevated baseline biomarkers were significantly associated with increased attack risk (NfL, p=0.01; UCH-L1, p=0.039; Tau, p=0.01; GFAP, p<0.001); after controlling for baseline GFAP, associations for other markers were not significant. A greater proportion of patients had an attack with placebo than inebilizumab (39% versus 12%). All biomarker levels increased following attacks and median fold-increases from baseline trended higher with placebo than inebilizumab, reaching significance with GFAP (NfL, 1.49 versus 1.30; UCH-L1, 6.70 versus 1.85; Tau, 2.19 versus 1.09; GFAP, 20.2 versus 1.11 [p=0.037]). Following attacks, UCH-L1 and Tau correlated better than NfL with GFAP (R, 0.90 versus 0.89 versus 0.55; p<0.001, all) but Nfl correlated best with total EDSS score (R, 0.55; p<0.001); other biomarkers did not correlate with EDSS after controlling for Nfl levels.
In NMOSD, serum NfL, UCH-L1 and Tau levels were greater than in HC, with increased baseline GFAP levels associated with a greater risk of attack. While GFAP levels accentuated strongly following attacks, NfL correlated best with attack-related disability.
Authors/Disclosures

PRESENTER 		No disclosure on file
Hans-Peter Hartung, MD, FAAN (Heinrich Heine University Medical Faculty) Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for BMS Celgene. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Geneuro. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Merck. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Bayer. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TG Therapeutics. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Hartung has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Frontiers Neurology.
No disclosure on file
No disclosure on file
Kazuo Fujihara, MD (Tohoku University, School of Medicine) Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Abbvie. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck Boipharma. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Japan Tobacco. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Mitsubishi-Tanabe. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Chugai/Roche. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Biogen. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon. The institution of Dr. Fujihara has received research support from Ministry of Health, Welfare and Labor of Japan. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a speaker, chair, etc with Novartis. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a speaker, chair, etc with Biogen. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a speaker, chair, etc with Mitsubishi-Tanabe. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a apeaker, chair, etc with Chugai/Roche. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a speaker, chair, etc with Alexion. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a chair, speaker with Asahi Kasei Medical. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a speaker with Eisai. Dr. Fujihara has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a speaker, chair with Teijin.
Friedemann Paul (Charite Universitatsmedizin in Berlin) Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hexal. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hexal. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hoffmann-La Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb GmbH & Co. KGaA (BMS. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hexal. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Teva. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Horizon Therapeutics GmbH. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hexal. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for UCB. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for UCB. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for sanofi. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche . Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for F&U Confirm. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Bristol Myers Squibb GesmbH. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for MICE Service. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Biogen. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Amgen. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for VINDICO medical education. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Amgen. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for UCB. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sanofi. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Beijing Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Sandoz Internation GmbH. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Amgen. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Novartis. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche Thailand. Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Roche . Dr. Paul has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion.
Romain Marignier, MD, PhD (Lyon University Hospital) Dr. Marignier has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for UCB. Dr. Marignier has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for ALEXION. Dr. Marignier has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for ROCHE. Dr. Marignier has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Amgen. Dr. Marignier has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for ROCHE.
Jeffrey L. Bennett, MD, PhD, FAAN (University of Colorado School of Medicine) Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Amgen. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Genentech. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Roche. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Mitsubishi Tanabe. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Immpact Bio. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Chugai. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Beigene. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Imcyse. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for MIAC. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for CorEvitas. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Vindico. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Touch IME. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Efficient LLC. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Pavich. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Marie Bush. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Marks Gray. Dr. Bennett has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Expert Witness for Knight, Nicastro, MacKay. The institution of Dr. Bennett has received research support from Alexion. Dr. Bennett has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Bennett has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Ho Jin Kim, MD (National Cancer Center) Dr. Kim has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Altos Biologics, AstraZeneca, Biogen, Daewoong Pharmaceutical, Kaigene, Kolon Life Science, MDimune, Roche, and Sanofi. Dr. Kim has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion, AstraZeneca, Eisai, GC Pharma, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma, and Roche. Dr. Kim has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Multiple Sclerosis Journal, Journal of Clinical Neurology.
Brian G. Weinshenker, MD, FAAN (University of Virginia Health System) Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for CANbridge Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving as a Consultant for CALIBR. Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Horizon. Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche Group (Chugai, Genentech, Roche). Dr. Weinshenker has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB Pharmaceuticals. Dr. Weinshenker has received research support from Guthy Jackson Charitable Foundation. Dr. Weinshenker has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care.
Sean J. Pittock, MD, FAAN (Mayo Clinic Dept of Neurology) Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for UCB. Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Arialys Therapeutics. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Arialys. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche/Genentech. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Speakers Bureau for Alexion/AstraZeneka. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received research support from NIH. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received research support from Alexion/AstraZeneka. The institution of Dr. Pittock has received research support from F. Hoffman/LaRoche/Genentech. Dr. Pittock has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Pittock has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Pittock has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.
Dean M. Wingerchuk, MD, FAAN (Mayo Clinic) Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Imcyse. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Merck. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for TTY Biopharm. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Reistone Biopharm. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Horizon Therapeutics. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Genentech. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Roche. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Novartis. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Bristol Meyer Squibb. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for UCB Pharma. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for AstraZeneca. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Alexion. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Abcuro. Dr. Wingerchuk has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for Wolters Kluwers.
Gary R. Cutter, PhD (University of Alabama At Birmingham) Dr. Cutter has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biodelivery Sciences International, Biogen, Click Therapeutics, Genzyme, Genentech, GW Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Klein-Buendel Incorporated, Medimmune/Viela Bio, Medday, Merck/Serono, Neurogenesis LTD, Novartis, Osmotica Pharmaceuticals, Perception Neurosciences, Recursion/Cerexis Pharmaceuticals, Regeneron, Reckover Pharmaceuticals, Roche, TG Therapeutics.. Dr. Cutter has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Applied Therapeutics, AI therapeutics, AMO Pharma, Astra-Zeneca, Avexis Pharmaceuticals, Biolinerx, Brainstorm Cell Therapeutics, Bristol Meyers Squibb/Celgene, CSL Behring, Galmed Pharmaceuticals, Green Valley Pharma, Horizon Pharmaceuticals, Immunic, Karuna Therapeutics, Mapi Pharmaceuticals LTD, Merck, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Holdings, Opko Biologics,Prothena Biosciences, Novartis, Regeneron, Sanofi-Aventis, Reata Pharmaceuticals, NHLBI (Protocol Review Committee), University of Texas Southwestern, University of Pennsylvania, Visioneering Technologies, Inc.. Dr. Cutter has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for JASN.
Ari Green, MD (UCSF) Dr. Green has received personal compensation in the range of $50,000-$99,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Pipeline Therapeutics. Dr. Green has received personal compensation in the range of $0-$499 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Bionure. Dr. Green has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for JAMA Neurology. The institution of Dr. Green has received research support from NINDS. The institution of Dr. Green has received research support from NMSS. The institution of Dr. Green has received research support from NIA. The institution of Dr. Green has received research support from Adelson Research Foundation. Dr. Green has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Dr. Green has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Study Section with NINDS. Dr. Green has a non-compensated relationship as a Author with Viela Bio that is relevant to AAN interests or activities.
Maureen A. Mealy, PhD, RN No disclosure on file
Jorn Drappa Jorn Drappa has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Viela Bio.
No disclosure on file
No disclosure on file
No disclosure on file
Dewei She No disclosure on file
Dewei She No disclosure on file
John Ratchford, MD (Genentech) Dr. Ratchford has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Genentech. Dr. Ratchford has stock in F. Hoffman La-Roche.
Eliezer Katz, MD (Vielabio) Dr. Katz has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Horizon Therapeutics. Dr. Katz has received stock or an ownership interest from Viela Bio/Horizon Therapeutics.
Bruce A. Cree, MD, PhD, MAS, FAAN (UCSF, Multiple Sclerosis Center) The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $5,000-$9,999 for serving as a Consultant for Biogen. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for EMD Serono. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Novartis. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Sanofi. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for TG Therapeutics. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Autobahn. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Avotres. The institution of Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Alexion. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Horizon. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as a Consultant for Neuron23. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Boston Pharma. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Hexal/Sandoz. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Kyverna. Dr. Cree has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Immunic AG. The institution of Dr. Cree has received research support from Genentech. The institution of Dr. Cree has received research support from Kyverna. Dr. Cree has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care.