The main aim of this paper was to present the lack of a women's advancement into leadership and academic positions in neurology in Brazil, despite the growing proportion of them among practicing neurologists and the fact that more than half the medical students in the country are women.

The gender gap among academic neurology and leadership positions is a hot topic in the world community nowadays, which led to the creation of the Gender Disparity Task Force, by the ºÃÉ«ÏÈÉú (AAN).

In Brazil, only one woman among 47 neurologists participated in the founding of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology (ABN), in 1962 and only in 1990 the ABN nominated the first woman to the presidency.

We analyzed a total of 12 articles about the gender disparity among neurologists, including Brazilian and American publications; the Brazilian Medical Demography data from 1971 to 2017; and data from ABN.

In the ABN, there was a feminization of its members from 1971 (under 10% of women) to 2010 (38%). However, the gender disparity is manifested between high and low positions. In 2010, the gap was predominant in higher positions (titular –30%– and efective –39%–), while in lower classes it was less evident (candidate –48%– and associate –42%–).

As for the women's participation in authorship of articles published in the Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, the official Journal of the ABN, for example, the proportion of women serving as first authors increased from 2.8% to 36.6% and the proportion serving as senior authors increased from 2.8% to 23.8% (1945-2005).

This panorama reflects the current Brazilian scenario of neurology in Brazil, in which women, despite the increasing conquest of positions of leadership and in research, are still underrepresented.