A review compared accepted neuroimaging modalities for autism, ADHD, intellectual disability, and Down syndrome. Common techniques such as structural MRI, functional MRI, and diffusion tensor imaging were identified. Analysis explored the rationale behind their use and gaps. Early diagnosis, risk assessment, and neurodegeneration monitoring were analyzed for each modality. Disclosure: Components of this abstract utilized AI solely for spelling and grammatical corrections. No AI was used in the conceptualization, research, or analysis presented.

Results showed that neuroimaging for autism and Down syndrome is well-developed with specific approaches. Early risk assessment is key in autism, while Down syndrome focuses on neurodegeneration. In contrast, ADHD and intellectual disability lack standardized protocols. Functional and structural MRI are common, but no "gold standard" exists, requiring further refinement.