IL-1β inhibition: SIM-A9 cells seeded at 1.5X105 cells/well and incubated overnight. Cells primed with LPS, 1.0 mg/ml for 6 h and treated with DMSO as vehicle (0.1 – 1.5%, v/v) or different compounds (10 µM) for 1.5 h followed by ATP (5 mM) for 45 min. Supernatant centrifuged at 300 x g for 5 min at 4 ^oC to remove cell debris and stored at -80 ^oC until analysis. Sandwich-based ELISA assay used to determine the amount of secreted IL-1b as per manufacturer’s instructions.

ROS inhibition: Intracellular ROS and mitochondrial superoxide measured after DCFDA and MitoSOX staining of live cells. 5 × 104 cells/well were incubated at 37 ^oC in 5% CO₂ for 24 h to allow adherence; treated with different compounds at 10 µM concentration. After 1 h, cells primed with 1 µg/ml of LPS for 1 h and subsequently treated with ATP (5mM) for 30 min. Next, cells were washed using 1× PBS, exposed to CM-H₂DCFDA (10 µM) for 45 min or mitoSOX (5µM) for 30 min at 37 ^oC in humidified 5% CO₂ incubator in the dark. DCFDA fluorescence recorded using excitation at 495 nm and emission at 532 nm; MitoSOX fluorescence excitation at 510 nm and emission at 580 nM.